This paper compares HYBE’s Weverse and SM Entertainment’s Bubble, two leading K-pop fan platforms that monetize parasocial relationships differently. Weverse offers a large community-based experience with free and paid content, while Bubble provides exclusive, pay-per-artist messaging. Both exploit fans’ emotional investment to generate revenue but raise ethical concerns over privacy, commodification, and accessibility in digital fandom.

This piece highlights how automotive design often ignores women, who are over half of drivers, by focusing on an average male body. This leads to higher injury risks for women. Female crash test dummies are underused and lack accurate representation. Improving safety requires inclusive testing, more women in automotive roles, and promoting STEM education for girls. Designing for the margins ensures fairer, safer vehicles for all.